African govts mark Press Freedom Day with crackdown on online journalism

When Uganda in April ordered Internet service providers to shut down all news sites that had not been authorised by the communications regulator, it was the latest attempt by President Museveni’s government to constrict the space for independent media.

The regulator said only 14 online publishers had met the requirements to remain online, including a $20 fee and an Interpol clearance certificate. If the directive is implemented in full, millions of websites would become inaccessible and Ugandans would be thrown into a virtual information blackout.
Uganda is not alone in its ambition to control online journalism. Across sub-Saharan Africa, governments are taking aggressive steps to control what their citizens do and say online, justifying their suppression as necessary for public order and morality or security. Unless this repressive trend is stemmed, Africa’s young, but robust and diverse online media will wither. As journalists today meet in Accra, Ghana, to mark World Press Freedom Day, openness of online journalism in Africa hangs in the balance.
In similar fashion to its northern neighbour, Tanzanian president John Magufuli now requires bloggers to register, a privilege that could cost an initial $484 and another $440 annually. The government will also license those streaming content online, though at a reduced fee. Tanzania’s steep registration fee is most certainly impossible for many people in a country where gross national income per capita is $900. Those who have not applied for registration by May 5 face, upon conviction, a fine of TzShs5m ($2,200), a prison term of a minimum 12 months or both.
Registration requirements pose a barrier to entry for those who want to have their voices heard online. Free expression has flourished on the Internet precisely because users are unencumbered by infrastructure, regulatory or financial demands that weigh so heavily on traditional media like newspapers, radio, or television. Although CPJ advocates for transparency in media ownership, there is fear that governments are collecting this information with the intention of being better able to target critical reporters and outlets.
This intention was laid bare in Tanzania, where the March 2018 Electronic and Postal Communications (Online Content) regulations would effectively strip Internet users of anonymity that often protects whistleblowers and dissenters. Yet it’s not just registration that is stifling online journalism. On January 1, 2018, Timothy Elombah, editor-in-chief of Elombah.com, was arrested with his brother, Daniel, at their home, and charged in Abuja under Sections 24 and 26 of Nigeria’s 2015 Cybercrime Act.
Although Daniel was released, Timothy spent 25 days in detention. During a meeting with the Committee to Protect Journalists in Abuja, Timothy said he believes they were arrested and charged in reprisal for their critical reporting on Nigeria’s government. A court hearing for their case is scheduled for today, May 3.
Nigeria’sCybercrime Act and its vaguely worded offenses have been repeatedly used against journalists, according to CPJ research. For example, Section 24(1-b) criminalises “grossly offensive” messages sent using a computer and Section 26(c) may find guilty anyone that “insults publicly through a computer system or network.” These offenses are punishable by imprisonment for up to three years and five years respectively, and/or a multi-million-Naira fine.
Ambiguously defined crimes can also be found in South Africa’s Film and Publications Amendment Bill. In March 2018, South Africa’s National Assembly approved amendments to the Films and Publications Act, also dubbed the Internet Censorship Bill, that would grant authorities wide powers to regulate online media content, including newspapers and social media.
While the government has argued it will protect children from explicit content and fight hate speech and revenge pornography, the South African Freelancers’ Association (SAFREA), has criticised the Bill for its “vague definitions and impractical requirements” that would grant the State power to dictate what content can be posted online, crossing the “fine line between protection and censorship”.
South African intentions to control online media are not new. During a June 2017 meeting in Durban, the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers expressed concern over South Africa’s Cybercrime Bill’s “vague language that affords opportunity for repressive implementation, as well as enhanced investigative and surveillance powers for security agents.” If passed into law, both these Bills would imperil online journalism in South Africa. During the Internet Freedom Forum held last in April in Abuja, Wakabi Wairagala, the executive director of Collaboration on International ICT Policy in East and Southern Africa, warned of copy-cat legislation, in which African governments adopt similar versions of the problematic regulations. The crafters of Nigeria’s Cybercrime Act did not sufficiently consider the negative ramifications for press freedom and free expression online. South Africa’s lawmakers may yet avoid this mistake.
Across Africa, governments have sought to close the Internet as an open space for journalism. Ethiopia, Cameroon, Chad, DR Congo, Uganda and Somaliland have shut down Internet access, in whole or in part, to control public debate during elections or public demonstrations. Yet it is during these moments of political tension that citizens most need accurate information to make decisions. This is not to say the Internet does not pose governance challenges. Citizens and government have reason to be concerned about disinformation, hate speech, and incitement to violence. It is in this context that responsible journalism remains as important as ever. But heavy-handed regulation or legislation that unduly curbs press freedom and free expression is not the appropriate response.
Instead of silencing dissenting ideas, laws ought to protect the digital rights of citizens and nurture press freedom online. For example, Nigeria’s National Assembly and Senate have passed the Digital Rights and Freedom Bill. If signed into law by the president, the law would guarantee the rights of expression and information online, protect whistleblowers, and limit government censorship to specific, narrowly defined circumstances as mandated by a judge. The proposed law in Nigeria shows that it is possible for African governments to write regulations and laws that work for, not against journalists.